托福阅读的长难句汇总

1.In the Dutch Republic, merchants who imported unprocessed salt from France, Portugal, and Spain gained control of the salt-refining industry once exploitation of local salt marshes was，halted for fear that dikes 【which held back the sea from the low-lying Dutch land】 would be undermined.

在荷兰共和国，因担心堤坝【这些堤坝被用于保护低地势的荷兰不被海水淹没】受到破坏，本地的盐田被中止开采，从法国、葡萄牙和西班牙等地进口生盐的商人们控制了生盐提纯产业。

2.Periodic downturns, when food prices shot up and demand for manufactures fell off, drove them further into debt or even into bankruptcy, from which they might emerge only by agreeing to sell their products exclusively to merchants or fellow artisans who extended them loans.

当食品价格高涨、制成品需求下降时，周期性的萧条促使他们进一步陷入债务泥潭甚至破产，因此他们被迫同意只向商人们或同行工匠们销售产品，以向他们寻求延缓债务偿还。

3.But infectious disease may not have had serious effects on large numbers of people or many different populations, since diseases would have had little chance of being passed on to many other humans.

但是传染病并不会严重影响大规模的人群或不同的群体，因为疾病很难有机会去向其他多人传播。

4.Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases.

某些地区的灌溉系统成为了蚊子的繁衍地，从而促进了疟疾和其他由蚊子传播的疾病的发病率。

5.In addition, agriculture also led to a narrowing of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of hunters and gatherers.

此外，与打猎和采集相比，农业导致了食物来源范围的缩减。

6.Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe.

不同定居社群之间的贸易促进了疾病在更大范围内传播，例如欧洲的黑死病。

7.With modern medical science providing immunizations and antibiotics and with better public health measures and improved nutrition, many infectious diseases were brought under control, or even eliminated.

伴随着现代医学科技提供的免疫手段和抗生素、公共卫生水平的提升及营养的改善，许多传染病已经被控制甚至是消灭了。

8.As people and their products become more mobile, and as our populations spread into previously little-inhabited areas, cutting down forests and otherwise altering ecological conditions, we contact other species that may carry diseases to which they are immune but that prove deadly to us.

随着人类及其产品越来越广泛的传播、人类定居到了此前几乎无人的地区和林地的砍伐等其他改变地质条件的行为，我们同其他携带疾病的生物产生了接触，这些疾病对于生物自身是免疫的，而对于人类来说却是致命的。

9.Compared to the Sun, whose composition is representative of the raw materials from which Earth and other planets in our solar system formed, Earth contains less of some volatile elements,such as nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, and helium.

太阳的成分表明了太阳系形成时地球及其他星球的成分，与太阳相比，地球失去了一些活性元素，例如氮气、氩气、氢气和氦气。

10.Almost all of the free oxygen now in the atmosphere originated through photosynthesis, the process whereby plants use light energy to induce carbon dioxide to react with water, producing carbohydrates and oxygen.

几乎现今大气中所有的自由氧气都来源于光合作用，其是植物利用太阳能来将二氧化碳与水反应，以生成碳水化合物和氧气的反应。

11.Because ocean water is in constant contact with the atmosphere, and the two systems function together in a state of dynamic equilibrium, the transition from an oxygen-poor to an oxygen-rich atmosphere also must have occurred during this period.

因为海水持续地与大气相接处，并且这两个系统相互作用行程动态平衡，大气从缺氧到富氧也一定发生在这一时期。

12.The main chemical constituent of volcanic gases 【as much as 97 percent of volume】 is water vapor,with varying amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases.

火山气体地化学成分【及其多达 97%的含量】是水蒸气，并包含了数量不等的氮气、二氧化碳和其他气体。