托福阅读中的逻辑关系

托福阅读中的逻辑关系

在托福阅读考试中，我们可以根据文章的逻辑关系来找到文章的关键词，从而方便我们更好的答题。那么你知道托福阅读考试中有哪些逻辑关系呢?

第一种因果关系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果：

A 导致【因-果】：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来【果-因】：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”

在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映，体现【果-因】: reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…中华考试网

D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to 【in view of】 his effort.

E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分词短语，不定式做状语

Failing in the final exam, she cried.

第二种对比转折关系

A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题，插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

第三种比较关系

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高级

1】本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2】 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3】 否定+比较=最高级

No one is more outstanding than him.

从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

第四种否定关系

显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福阅读看不懂逻辑关系怎么办

面对托福阅读中的文章，对于逻辑关系，很多同学总是搞不清楚。因此今天整理了关于托福阅读中的逻辑关系的知识内容讲解，帮助大家全面的了解这部分的考点内容。

【1】:否定 ：明显的否定关系特色词汇

--no, not, none, neither, never, deny 等

隐含的否定关系特色词汇

-- fail to, absence from, lack【of】, refuse to, little, fewI write to my parents every month.I never fail to write to my parents every month.

He is little known as an artist.He is not a famous artist

【否定前缀】

英语否定的前缀主要有

a-[asexual 无性别的]

ab-[abnormal 非正常的]

anti-[antisocial 与社会对立的]

counter-[counterrevolution 反革命]

de-[decontrol 解除管理, 解除管制]

dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un-...

In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was not normal.

In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was abnormal.

【否定后缀】

需注意的三个否定后缀：

-less、-free、-proof

hatless: not wearing a hat

salt-free: without salt

a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets

【2】: 因果

【因果--明显】

because【of】, since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so【that】, therefore, thus, hence,as a result,

consequently...

We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.

The delay is owing to the crowded traffic.

This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and thatone about history.

【因果--隐藏】

1、表示“导致”的词

cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, beresponsible to

Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.

Your action has rendered our contract invalid.

2、表示“由…而来”的词

derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from,His illness resulted from bad food.

【3】:比较与条件

【比较结构--隐藏 】

1.自身含有最高级含义的词;

maximum, favorite, outstanding, top...The maximum speed of this car is 150 miles per hour

2.比较级表示最高级

I've never heard a better voice.China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.George did more work than anyone elseI like nothing better than swimming.

【条件】

表示条件概念的词:

if, unless, supposing 【that】, suppose 【that】, providing / provided 【that】, in case, aslong as, oncondition that

1】 In case the house burns down, we’ll get the insurance money.

2】 You can go out, as long as you promise to be back before 11 o’clock.

3】 You can borrow the book, on condition that you don’t lend it to anyone else.

【4】--并列与转折

【 表示并列关系】

likewise,in 【much】 the same way,similarly/similar to,vice versa,also/as well as,not only … but also …,both … and …, neither … nor …, like/just like, equally,or/and

【表示转折关系】

but/yet, however, in contrast 【to】, conversely, though/although, nevertheless, inspite of/despite, onthe contrary, even if/even though, instead 【of】, different from/differ from, while

托福阅读真题练习

托福阅读真题练习：美国移民的文本+题目+答案

托福阅读文本：

Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America's "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.

The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction — as well as the expanded market in consumer goods — allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.

Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter 【an industrial process for manufacturing steel】, which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people: the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

【A】 Technological developments

【B】 The impact of foreign immigrants on cities

【C】 Standards of living

【D】 The relationship between industrialization and urbanization

2. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

【A】 working

【B】 processing

【C】 arrival

【D】 attraction

3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss

【A】 foreign immigration

【B】 rural life

【C】 the agricultural revolution

【D】 famous cities of the twentieth century

4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?

【A】 Five percent

【B】 Eleven percent

【C】 Twenty-eight percent

【D】 Forty-six percent

5. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in meaning to

【A】 expensive

【B】 exceptional

【C】 supreme

【D】 necessary

6. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to

【A】 foreign immigrants and domestic migrants

【B】 farms and small towns

【C】 growth of cities and industrialization

【D】 industry and transportation

7. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

【A】 forced

【B】 prepared

【C】 limited

【D】 motivated

8. Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in line 23?

【A】 They contributed to the agricultural revolution

【B】 They are examples of the conveniences of city life

【C】 They were developed by the same individual.

【D】 They were products of the Bessemer converter.

9. The word "them" in line 25 refers to

【A】 urban areas

【B】 ruralAmericans

【C】 farms

【D】 cities

10. The word "era" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

【A】 period of time

【B】 location

【C】 action

【D】 unique situation

11. The word "intriguing" in line 27 is closest in meaning to

【A】 profitable

【B】 attractive

【C】 comfortable

【D】 challenging

托福阅读答案：

DCADB CDBBA B