托福阅读长难句解析

发布时间:2022-05-13 16:55:12

托福阅读长难句解析

托福阅读考试当中,大家都知道长难句是最大的一个难点,很多考生也为之头疼不已。对于托福阅读文章本来就很长,对于一篇文章也只有20来分钟的时间,其中就有12-14道题,给了考生很大的压力。那么应该如何应对托福阅读考试的这个长呢?

首先:长句子。

大家一开始学习英语可能都知道句子的形成及结构并没有那么复杂,后来学得了修饰,就把之前学到句子称之为简单句,经过修饰的句子为复杂句,而长句子就是在简单句子经过一个或者多个修饰之后形成的句子。考生在面对一个难以理解的句子时,首先会想到的是这个句子的生词多不多?如果有很多的生词的话,那么我们从生词开始攻克。但是如果词汇大家都认识,但是句子的意思理解不了或者读不下去,那么这时应该如何办呢?

A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.

对于这样一个句子,大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干【即主谓宾】注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need,establish是及物动词,后面却加了介词in,说明此处有倒装,还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语【即蓝色划线部分】太长,为了防止头重脚轻。

在原句中,是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现,也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语,还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。

综上所述,本句运用了多种语法结构【并列,倒装,同位语,后置定语,插入语】把主干部分分割得支离破碎,如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法,那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。

以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译:几位艺术收藏家【此处省略几位艺术家名字】将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者,尤其是有抱负的艺术家们,并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。

其次:长文章

新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上,而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成,除了句子理解外,为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章,要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息,做对题目,那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。

In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

对于这种较长的段落,如何快速辨别段落内部结构和句与句之间的逻辑是理解的关键。一般来说,段落的主题常出现的位置在段首和段尾,但是也有例外,比如段落内部出现转折,那么要注意转折后的内容与前面相反而且是重点。

这个段落,首句在讲两个党派的社会组成是相似的,接着的第二三句出现了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”,提出了两点相似之处。第四句出现了关键性的however,而该句以及接下来的句子主语也发生了转变,都变为两个党派的其中一个。那么,可以推断出however之后的内容与前面相反,所以段落的主题落在了Democrats和Whigs社会组成的不同之处。

最后:长题目

大家在备考托福阅读时,或者在做真题【有可能是TPO】大家会发现有些题目有好几行,其中的选项也有好几行的,这时考生好不容易弄懂了文章的意思,又碰到这么的题目和选项,瞬间眼前一黑,这时不会做题时只好去蒙答案了,就使得大家的答题正确率直线下降。

对于这种题目,主要的解题方法就是同义改写。同义,意味着核心意思保持一致;改写,意味着换一种说法,简单的例如替换同义词语,复杂的例如改变句子结构。下面,我们结合前面所讲的长难句理解内容来做一道句子简化题。

The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.

B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.

C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.

D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.

答案:选D

单词:

integrate v. 使融合;使结合

dominate v. 主宰

semisubsistence n. 半自给自足

languish v. 失去活力

快速做法:

Step 1:根据逻辑排除A,因果逻辑无

Step 2:根据主干结构排除C,主语不对

Step 3:细读B和D,发现B与原句矛盾,排除。

详细解析:

原句的结构比较简单易懂,主语是红色部分。句子逻辑是绿色的whereas,表示“然而”。所以这句话是在对比Whigs和Democrats势力分布上的区别。

A选项的极端词only、最高级wealthiest、because因果逻辑均无体现

B选项表示两个党派的势力在城市和乡村地区各自自然分布,与原句前半句矛盾

C选贤偷换主干,原句主干不是farming areas

D选项涉及同义改写,whereas与while同义替换,逻辑对应。poorer areas同义对应原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同义对应原句的fully integrated into market economy

托福阅读常见的句子关系解析

托福阅读复习中,如果大家能够很好地掌握一些句子关系,对于减少文章阅读的阻碍,也是有很大的帮助的。具体的托福阅读考试中,常见的句子关系有哪些呢?为大家整理了相关的内容,供大家参考。

句间关系1——因果关系

涉及的题型有:细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。

显性因果关系词:

因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

除了以上显性因果关系词外,还有很多隐形因果关系词是大家必须知道的。

隐性因果关系词:

A 导致【因-果】:cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如:The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来【果-因】:result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如:“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.”

在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映,体现【果-因】:reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show This result demonstrates that…

D 考虑到:given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to 【in view of】 his effort.

E 依赖于:rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分词短语,不定式做状语:Failing in the final exam, she cried.

因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高,曾做过一个统计,在托福给出的官方练习题中,细节题中考查到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。同理,在推理题中,我们也可以利用常见的因果关联词找到推理的方向。官方大纲中也明确指出,推理题会“给出一个结论,让考生推理结论产生的原因”。

考生们一定要学会换位思考,作者为什么要在一个段落中交代“原因”?无外乎就是为了给对应的事情一个解释。反之,作者为什么要提及“结果”,也是为了告诉读者相关事情带来的影响。

此外,有个不可忽视地信号,在最新放出的官方练习题中,因果关系在修辞目的题中的体现越来越含蓄。这无疑是暗示考生,未来的考试中不一定会出现明确的关联词,但仍然考查的是因果关系。

句间关系2——比较关系

涉及的题型有:细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级:more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over F 最高级 1】本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2】 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3】 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.

从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

比较关系在句子之间的体现我想先从修辞目的题说起。

大家可以先用三十秒的时间来浏览下下文的这段话:

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact,are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

读过这篇文章的同学应该不陌生,是官方指南上的第六篇例文,这道题目问的是作者为什么要提及方框内的这部分信息。

通过句尾的四个单词,同学们能够理解到飞机的这一操作其实和前文描写鱼在海里游的行为具有相同的道理,也就能判断出最后两句话之间是类比的关系。

所以修辞目的题中对于比较关系的考查还是比较容易上手的,无外乎对比和类比两个角度。

在推理题中,比较关系是常见的推理思路一一“反向推理”的逻辑基础。例如,官方指南上一篇讲到"Himalayas"和"Caledonia"山脉的文章,作者利用了对比的手法论证山的高度和年龄之间的关系。不仅有时间上的比较,也有两座山之间的比较,这种类型的题目往往是大家容易出错的点。

句间关系3——例证关系

涉及的题型有:词汇题、细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。

众所周知,一篇成熟的议论文,都会有强有力的例子来证明作者自己的观点。

所以,例证关系也是非常重要的句间关系,这一关系的体现我们从词汇题开始说起。

官方指南上有一道词汇题,提问的对象是"distort"这个单词。

相信很多同学都认识这个词,现在,请大家从句间关系的角度上去重新思考下。

请看下文:

Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

在"distort"这个词出现的后一句就是一个非常简单的实例,通过实例我们发现这句话就是对"distort"最简单的一种解释,从而理解出这个单词的意思是“误解”。

在主流的八大题型中,例证关系体现最频繁的就是修辞目的题,超过半数的修辞目的题都是在考查举例的写作意图。这类题目的未来趋势是尽量减少关联词的出现,取而代之的是句子的具体表达。

怎么通过句子的表达来判断提问的对象是否是一个例子呢?就要从例子的呈现的特点去思考。

比如在一篇议论文中,如果出现了描写一个人或者一个团队的冒险经历,亦或是他们做实验的过程,有具体的记叙型要素,那么他们的出现就是为了证明上文中的论点服务的。

官方指南中讲“食草动物的饮食习惯”和“19世纪的美国政治”两篇文章中都有典型的例题。

到了推理题中,题干中的对象多半是一个“例子”,也就是说我们不仅要读懂例子本身,更需要去结合例子和前文观点之间的关系。

最典型的一道例题在一篇名为“生态系统的长期稳定性"的文章中,通过前后句的例证关系我们才能推理出"redwood forests"可能的生长地带。虽然例证关系在推理题中出现比例并没有在修辞目的题中那么高,但是为了在考场上游刀有余,还是要进行相应的思维训练。

总之,题型和句间关系之间是融会贯通的。

句间关系4——对比转折关系

A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

句间关系5——否定关系

显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither 隐形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of 否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福阅读双语材料分享

托福阅读复习中,提升自己的阅读能力,还是要多进行阅读文章的练习。这杨能够帮助大家更全面的提升阅读能力。为大家整理了详细的内容,供大家参考练习。

Japan is like a parallel universe. Here in the land of the free,it’s customary to wash down a mouthful of Cool Ranch Doritos with a refreshingswig of Pepsi. In the land of the rising sun, you’ll find those same tastysnacks, but the corn chips could be anchovy-flavored, and that bottle of Pepsimight taste of spicy, bitter ginger.

日本好像处在另一个平行世界里。在美国这片自由之地,人们常往嘴里塞一把多力多滋玉米片【Cool Ranch Doritos】,再喝一大口清凉的百事可乐【Pepsi】。你在日本也可以找到这些美味可口的零食,但玉米片成了凤尾鱼风味,而瓶装的百事可乐可能是辛辣苦涩的姜味。

We’ve cobbled together this list of Japanese-exclusive flavors ofpopular munchies. From squid ink–flavored ice cream to “man-scented” gum, someof these flavors really leave us scratching our heads.

我们收集整理了那些具有日本特色和风味的名点小食。从墨鱼汁味冰淇淋到“男人香”味口香糖,有些味道真让我们摸不着头脑。

KitKats

奇巧巧克力

KitKats are kind of a big deal in Japan. That’s right—thoserun-of-the-mill, chocolate-covered wafers you binge on during Halloween are arevered super-candy over there.

奇巧巧克力【KitKats】在日本非常热销。是这样没错——我们在万圣节大吃特吃的那些普通的巧克力脆片,在日本被推崇为一种高级甜食。

But the Japanese aren't satisfied with coating their biscuits inmilk chocolate and calling it a day. No, KitKats in Japan come in a dizzyingarray of flavors.

但日本人吃牛奶巧克力外脆并不感到满足,他们的巧克力还有各种各样的口味。

Green tea, edamame soybean, wasabi, and red bean all sound likeunsurprisingly Asian flavors, but then we get into some really weird stuff.Ginger Ale. Buttered Corn. Hot Chili Pepper.

绿茶、毛豆、芥末和红豆味都是我们意料之中的亚洲风味,但我们还了解到一些匪夷所思的口味,比如姜汁汽水味【Ginger Ale】、奶油玉米味【Buttered Corn】和红辣椒味【Hot Chili Pepper】。

And then there’s the KitKat Pizza. You probably never thought you’dever see those two words together.

此外还有奇巧披萨【KitKatPizza】,你可能从未想过这两个词会组合到一起。

Pepsi

百事可乐

Aside from the rare occasionswhen PepsiCo tests the waters with new flavors like Holiday Spice, the familiarsoda brand usually doesn’t venture far beyond regular and diet in America.Japan, however, has been blessed with multiple limited-edition variations.

在美国,那些为人熟悉的苏打水产品并不会太过出格,除非是百事可乐公司研制“百事假日香料”【Holiday Spice】这类新口味汽水。然而,日本的汽水已经有多种限量版口味。

There are Pepsi Pink and Pepsi White, which are strawberry milk– andyogurt-flavored, respectively. And we can see the appeal in Pepsi Strong Shot【extra caffeine and carbonation】. Pepsi Ice Cucumber also sounds pretty decent.

日本有粉色和白色的百事可乐,粉色的是草莓牛奶味,而白色的是乳酪味。我们还能看到市面上有百事超碳酸饮品【Pepsi Strong Shot】,一种加强了咖啡因含量和碳化饱和度的可乐。冰黄瓜味百事可乐【Pepsi Ice Cucumber】听起来也不错。

But then there’s Pepsi Gold 【ginger-root flavor】, Pepsi Azuki Bean【red bean paste–flavored】, Pepsi Baobab 【monkey bread fruit?】, and Pepsi Shiso【an herb】. Pepsi brings one of these oddball flavors out every summer, so wecan look forward to plenty more to come.

但日本还有生姜味的金黄百事【Pepsi Gold】、红豆沙味的红豆百事【Pepsi Azuki Bean】、猴面包树果味的面包果百事【Pepsi Baobab】和香草味的紫苏百事【Pepsi Shiso】。日本百事可乐公司每年夏天都会推出这些奇特口味的汽水,所以我们可以继续拭目以待。

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