托福阅读指代类题

托福阅读指代类题

托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。

例一：Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossildiscovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than manyairplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small andprobably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. Theymust have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for theirlocomotion.

The word "They" in line 10 refers to

A.powerful muscles

B.bodies

C.jaws

D.flying reptiles

例二：With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longerprivate, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and theMutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successiveimages on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenlybecame public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and evenhundreds of others.

The word “It” in the passage refers to

A.The advent of projection

B.The viewer's relationship with the image

C.A similar machine

D.Celluloid

例三：By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions.Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents inindirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangerslater in life.

The word “they” in the passage refers to

A.future explosions

B.pent-up aggressive impulses

C.outlets

D.indirect ways

例四：Beneath the crust lies the mantle, a very different layer that extends approximatelyhalfway to the Earth's center. There the rock is the subject of a battle between increasingheat and growing pressure.

3. The word "There" in line 12 refers to the

A.mantle

B.crust

C.seabed

D.Earth's center.

托福阅读指代题的解题方法

一、 问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：

The word 【or phrase】 X in the passage refers to

二、 解题步骤

1.根据解题技巧确定答案

2.代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺

三、基本原则

1.就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey 【especially hawks, falcons, and eagles】 that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promoterenewable wind energy

本题涉及的是一个词组this problem.寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。

2.数格一致被指代对象通常与指代词在数【如单数或复数】和格【主格或宾格】两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路 1.主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. The word they in the passage refers to qualities finsgrooves depressions

在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。

如果主从复合句中一个句子【可以是主句，也可以是从句】使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如，Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.The word none in the passage refers to food plant or animal energy big body

在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy.因此，第三个选项为正确答案。

2.并列动词中的指代如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如，

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

The word “that” in line 27 refers to

【A】contemporary art

【B】opportunity

【C】audience

【D】distinction

句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和 taking 【into account】，其中recognizing的宾语是distinction，而taking 的宾语是 that.根据上述技巧，that指代distinction.因此，【D】为正确答案。

3.平行结构中的指代

平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如，In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet 【almost 5 meters】. Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

The word others in the passage refers tochambers paintings beasts parades

原文包含平行结构some…others，它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts，因此第三个选项为正确答案。

4.所有格的指代

所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如，Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

The word “their” in line 1 refers to

【A】folk

【B】nations

【C】countries

【D】objects

根据所有格指代的解题技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名词objects，因此【D】为正确答案。 5.指代的接力棒现象这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。例如，

While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.

The word “they” in line 8 refers to

【A】North Americans

【B】news shows

【C】interviews

【D】opinions

在这一例子中，第二句中的代词they【reflect the opinions…】对应第一句中的they【are not…】，而第一个they指代前面从句中的名词主语interviews，那么第二个they也指代interviews，因此【C】为正确答案。

除了上述情况之外，其他指代，如定语从句中【of which…, in which…, from which…】的关系代词指代先行词，from there结构中的t here指代前面最接近的地点名词等，限于篇幅，不再详述。

通过上面的例子和讲解，相信大家对托福阅读指代题的解答有了一个全新的认识，希望对大家托福阅读提分有帮助。

指代题提分要点解析

在托福阅读的考试中，其中代词指代题为必考内容，共考察2-3题。从很多托福考试过来人的经验中都是可以告诉我们，指代题还是有着其一些的规律可循的。下面我们就为大家详细介绍一下托福阅读指代题的解题规律。

这类题目需要考生具备语法分析和快速定位的能力。对于大多数考生来说，代词指代题属于“势在必得”类，但在备考过程中必须复习巩固相关语法知识，并辅以大量练习，才能在考场上应付自如。因此对于备考时间紧、课业压力大的考生来说，付出的时间和精力与最终得分明显不成正比。

而事实上，多年的教学实践告诉我们，这类题目有迹可循，有规律可利用，解决它只要五分钟。考生只要牢记以下口诀就能做到“省时省力”快速得分。

见到代词找指代，指代通常在前方;

主代主，宾代宾，所有格，就近找;

平行结构有搭配，多重指代层层推;

单数复数都对应，主动被动要分清;

定位排除和代入，验证语意要记牢。

1、“见到代词找指代，指代通常在前方”。这句话是代词指代题的总则，考生务必牢记：代词永远出现在原词之后，原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇，锁定正确答案。

2、“主代主，宾代宾，所有格，就近找”。代词指代的语法规则非常严格，因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、还是所有格代词，然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目，例如：

When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers"， they are stung and eaten.

题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分，考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”，题目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代词【你的、我的、他的等等】通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词：

Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”，语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他【它】们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”，在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词，就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”，因此正确答案就是它。

3、“平行结构有搭配，多重指代层层推”。所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述，阅读部分经常出现“not only...， but also...”，“one...， the other...”，“some...， others...”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写，通过对这种常见结构的把握，考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如：

Many adults， poor and disillusioned with farm life， were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment， regular paychecks， increased access to goods and services， and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed therewhen new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.

虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂，但不难看出题目中“many people...， others...”是固定搭配，因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”，正确答案应为“adults”。

此外，为了增加难度，对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍，既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心，在前文内容中层层回溯，逐一定位，抽丝剥茧，最终必然能够顺利解题。例如：

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form towneconomies to their present urban structures. In North America， they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

本题看似复杂，其实通过层层倒推，锁定目标词“cities”并不十分困难。

4、“单数复数都对应，主动被动要分清”。代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱，例如同时出现大量名词，有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词，让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句，颠三倒四，让考生头晕脑胀。破解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单，无论怎样变化，代词指代总有一定之规，例如：

In the past， biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today， however， they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.

本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句，因此“they”不再指代前文主语，而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助，口诀中已经明确指出，代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致，因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。

5、“定位排除和代入，验证语意要记牢”。总而言之，代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了：第一步定位文中代词，用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项，排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译，进行验证。