托福阅读指代题技巧
发布时间:2022-05-13 16:59:33托福阅读指代题技巧
指代题是托福阅读十大题型之一,虽然看上去考的是代词的使用,其实还涉及到对句间逻辑关系理解的考察。有些童鞋在做题过程中容易懵,理不清头绪。
1、见到代词找指代,指代通常在前方
这句话是代词指代题的总则,考生务必牢记:代词永远出现在原词之后,原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定正确答案。
2、主代主,宾代宾,所有格,就近找
代词指代的语法规则非常严格,因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、还是所有格代词,然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目,例如:
When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers", they are stung and eaten.
题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分,考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”,题目就迎刃而解。
又例如所有格代词【你的、我的、他的等等】通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词:
Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.
题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”,语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他【它】们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”,在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词,就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”,因此正确答案就是它。
3、平行结构有搭配,多重指代层层推
所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述,阅读部分经常出现“not only..., but also...”,“one..., the other...”,“some..., others...”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写,通过对这种常见结构的把握,考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如:
Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.
虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂,但不难看出题目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配,因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”,正确答案应为“adults”。
此外,为了增加难度,对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍,既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心,在前文内容中层层回溯,逐一定位,抽丝剥茧,最终必然能够顺利解题。例如:
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
本题看似复杂,其实通过层层倒推,锁定目标词“cities”并不十分困难。
4、单数复数都对应,主动被动要分清
代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱,例如同时出现大量名词,有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词,让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句,颠三倒四,让考生头晕脑胀。破解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单,无论怎样变化,代词指代总有一定之规,例如:
In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句,因此“they”不再指代前文主语,而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助,口诀中已经明确指出,代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致,因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。
5、定位排除和代入,验证语意要记牢
总而言之,代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了:第一步定位文中代词,用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项,排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译,进行验证。
考生务必注意,验证是十分必要的一步,也是保证冲刺满分的不二法门。一旦遇到拿不准的题目,只要花几秒钟时间将代词指代的成分带入原句中验证一下,真伪立辨,保证万无一失。
托福阅读解题技巧之指代题
在IBT阅读考题中,我们依然能看到一个熟悉的词组“refer to ”,这是指代关系题的标志。一般来说,3篇IBT阅读题目中会有2至3道这种类型的试题,所以不能轻视。
一、 指代关系题可以分为两类: 代词指代题和词汇指代题。
1. 代词指代题:
对于代词指代题,简单句中的这类题目可以采用就近原则来解决:先读整个句子,以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。而对于主从复合句,采用后指代前的方法。 一般来说,从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。这个与主从复合句的类型没有关系。
例如:
The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.
The word “they “refers to
A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments
这个句子为复合句,前半句的主语为skeletons,所以按照上面的原则A为正确答案。
2. 词汇指代题:
这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语,而不是指代。
例如:代词指代题的常问方式为: The word “they, it, their...” refer to …
词汇指代题的常问方式为: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中,“W ”为词汇或者短语。
其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样,采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。
我们来看一个例子:
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.
The word “process” in refer to
A. The righting of tumbling cat
B. The cat’s fall slowed down
C. High-speed photography
D. A scientific experiment
这是个主从复合句, 从句的主语为process,所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair,但是答案中没有相同的选项。根据代词指代的特点,本句中找不到所指代的对象,所指代的对象通常出现在上一句话中,所以正确答案为A。
解答指代关系题的三大步骤
1. 看题干,确定指代类型
2. 带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围
3. 采用排除法,确定答案。
总之,正确理解原文是解决这类问题的关键,之后按照这三个步骤,采用就近原则和后指代前的技巧进行解答。
指代题解题技巧
顾名思义,这种题是要问考生文中的代词具体指代的是什么丁冬,说专业点叫做先行词antecedent。基本可以分为四类。第一是人称代词或者物主代词,如I, you, our, mine; 第二类是从句中的引导词,如what, which, who;第三类是指示代词,this, that【包括其指示的名词,如问this reason, that purpose之类的】;第四类是其他的代词,all, most, some, many, the former, the latter之类。代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。从前面找离它较近的那个词。找到以后把意义代回到原句中看合适不合适就可以了。OG还特别强调了,注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。总体来说这种题难度都不大。
用OG上的几个例子说明:
先行词,先行词,顾名思义,一般应该在代词前面。根据就近原则就找出来postal service。代回去看看合适不合适,A,distribution有65个office; B销售有65个office,C报纸有65个office,D,邮政服务有65个office。其他几个都太荒诞了。这种题难度相对不大,也就不多说了。
托福阅读题最重要的是找到阅读段的主题句,分析出出题者的意图,然后根据文章关键词进行答题。考生在做托福阅读题的时候需要重视开头段,结尾段和过渡段,在这三个地方,一般会包含着托福阅读段的真实题义。
托福阅读指代题例题及参考答案
指代关系题考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。大家可以根据下面的例子在真题中找到相似题加以练习,相信会有不错的效果。
例题1:
Passage: “…These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides, they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”
The word they in the passage refers to
A. applied-art objects
B. the laws of physics
C. containers
D. the sides of pots
正确答案是A.
例题2:
Passage:“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette,established in 1719, the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper, the American Mercury, where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia, 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York, 3 newspapers. The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies…”
The word which in the passage refers to
A. distribution
B. sale
C. newspaper
D. postal service
正确答案是D.
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