托福阅读逻辑关系

托福阅读逻辑关系

托福阅读长难句解析与理解是让很多同学头痛的一个备考环节，长难句理解在托福阅读中最重要也常见的应用就是句子插入题和句子简化题。想要完美攻克这两大类题型，解决长难句理解，我们需要明确托福阅读常见的四大逻辑关系：

1.因果关系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

2.对比转折关系

对比：while, whereas, on the other hand 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

3.比较关系

A.同级比较：as…as

B.比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

C.变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D.差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E.超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F.最高级

4. 否定关系

托福阅读中常见的十类逻辑关系词

想在托福阅读考试中取得好成绩，需要考生在平时多做练习，尤其是有一些能帮助我们理解句子之间关系的词汇需要重点掌握。为大家带来托福阅读中常见的十类逻辑关系词一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。

1、Condition 条件/ 因为 【if 】

后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

2、Time 时间 【when 】

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

3、Summary 总结 【in a word】

作者的最后总结

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word

4、Example举例 【for example】

for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是

5、Reason原因 【 because】

since // as // so // because 【of】 // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause

6、And 并列关系 【and】

in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that

7、Sequence 顺序 【then】

出现的时候表示列举

first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards

8、Consequence 结果 【so】

前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。

as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly

9、Contrast转折 【but 】

表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点

however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //

though // although // but // on the contrary

otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

10、Certainty 确定 【of course】

强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点

obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

托福阅读看不懂逻辑关系怎么办

面对托福阅读中的文章，对于逻辑关系，很多同学总是搞不清楚。因此今天整理了关于托福阅读中的逻辑关系的知识内容讲解，帮助大家全面的了解这部分的考点内容。

【1】:否定 ：明显的否定关系特色词汇

--no, not, none, neither, never, deny 等

隐含的否定关系特色词汇

-- fail to, absence from, lack【of】, refuse to, little, fewI write to my parents every month.I never fail to write to my parents every month.

He is little known as an artist.He is not a famous artist

【否定前缀】

英语否定的前缀主要有

a-[asexual 无性别的]

ab-[abnormal 非正常的]

anti-[antisocial 与社会对立的]

counter-[counterrevolution 反革命]

de-[decontrol 解除管理, 解除管制]

dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un-...

In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was not normal.

In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was abnormal.

【否定后缀】

需注意的三个否定后缀：

-less、-free、-proof

hatless: not wearing a hat

salt-free: without salt

a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets

【2】: 因果

【因果--明显】

because【of】, since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so【that】, therefore, thus, hence,as a result,

consequently...

We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.

The delay is owing to the crowded traffic.

This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and thatone about history.

【因果--隐藏】

1、表示“导致”的词

cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, beresponsible to

Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.

Your action has rendered our contract invalid.

2、表示“由…而来”的词

derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from,His illness resulted from bad food.

【3】:比较与条件

【比较结构--隐藏 】

1.自身含有最高级含义的词;

maximum, favorite, outstanding, top...The maximum speed of this car is 150 miles per hour

2.比较级表示最高级

I've never heard a better voice.China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.George did more work than anyone elseI like nothing better than swimming.

【条件】

表示条件概念的词:

if, unless, supposing 【that】, suppose 【that】, providing / provided 【that】, in case, aslong as, oncondition that

1】 In case the house burns down, we’ll get the insurance money.

2】 You can go out, as long as you promise to be back before 11 o’clock.

3】 You can borrow the book, on condition that you don’t lend it to anyone else.

【4】--并列与转折

【 表示并列关系】

likewise,in 【much】 the same way,similarly/similar to,vice versa,also/as well as,not only … but also …,both … and …, neither … nor …, like/just like, equally,or/and

【表示转折关系】

but/yet, however, in contrast 【to】, conversely, though/although, nevertheless, inspite of/despite, onthe contrary, even if/even though, instead 【of】, different from/differ from, while

新托福阅读真题分享

托福阅读备考中，大家可以多参考一下往期的考试题目以及背景知识，这些对于我们的阅读备考也有很大的帮助。那么在10月14日的托福阅读考试中，具体的考察到了哪些题目内容呢?为大家整理了相关内容，供大家参考。

托福阅读考试日期：

2018年10月20日

新托福阅读题目回忆：

【题材分类】天文学

【标题】Planetary Formation行星的形成

分析了地球这一行星的形成及变化，以及为什么可以诞生生命。地球早期火山喷发频繁，释放出了大量气体，出现了微生物。后来形成了简单的植物，这些植物吸收了甲烷和二氧化碳，逐渐通过光合作用产生了氧气【当时的氧气含量差不多是今天的20%】和水【后来有了海】，在海里形成了简单生物。氧气变多后形成了一个氧气保护膜【臭氧层】，使生物免受紫外线伤害】。气体循环起到降温【cooling】的作用，使地球的气温不太高。由于缺乏臭氧层，太阳系的其他行星无法诞生生命。