托福Tpo阅读真题

托福 tpo阅读真题

托福阅读文段的结构和出题点都有一定的规律，比如说托福阅读文段一般是总分总的格式，考生重点关注首段，尾段，转折句，开头句，基本上就能找到主题句，从这个方面来说，练习托福阅读真题，从中总结托福阅读考试经验是十分必要的，下面为大家整理一份“TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析”，希望对大家有所帮助。

托福阅读真题：

The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.

Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Natural

○Final

○Specific

○Complex

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

○They occur at the end of a succession.

○They last longer than any other type of community.

○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.

○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

托福阅读25分以上必备技能

世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。阅读并不难，阅读过程中把它分开理解其实很简单，第一次读懂意思再看问题，然后带着问题阅读，就可以找答案了，如果你词汇量不足，原文大意都读不懂，那肯定先努力提高单词量啦。而今天这篇干货，就是来帮助大家啃下托福阅读这块硬骨头的，笔记千万要记好哦!

速度大部分来于短时间内理解长难句的能力

大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语。

根据托福官方指南的数据统计，中国考生的阅读平均分是20分，相对应的题目错误数量为11道题。很多考生看到这里蜜汁自信，我们的平均分很高嘛，说明阅读的备考肯定so easy。然而，从全世界各个参加托福考试的地域来看，我们的阅读分数并没有很高，只是相对于更加弱的口语和听力来说，我们的阅读分数还过得去而已。所以，如果目标学校是美国Top50之内的考生，这个分数肯定是远远不够的。

许多同学一直会抱怨：“我每天都会刷真题，但是我的阅读分数一点儿也没提高啊?”。

答案很简单， 但并不能提高你的英文阅读能力，就像你想变的瘦一点，每天就往称上称一称，数字是不会变的!没有真正去认真分析不懂的地方，分数当然只能原地踏步了。所以，对于含金量很高的学术文章来说，做完题目以后，我们应该认真把文章看一看，总结里面的学术词汇、生词，重新分析一下理解错的句子、段落，这样借助精读真题后，我们才能更好的提高能力，提升分数。关于托福的阅读部分大家可以从以下几个方面来入手准备。

词汇问题是阅读中的十分普遍的，高中毕业生的词汇量在3500左右，但是托福考试要求的词汇量是8000-10000，这种差距有的时候会让考生望而却步，单词的积累和沉淀需要时间，但是正确的学习方法和习惯，往往事半功倍。

首先，对于基础词汇，就是高中+大学四级词汇，大家一定要掌握得很牢靠，每个单词要像apple、book一样熟悉，先查漏补缺。任何学习过程都是循序渐进的，只有基础打牢了，再往高处走，不然就算之后稍稍有了一点小成就，那也是虚幻的空中楼阁。之后，在基础牢靠的前提下，开始进入到托福词汇部分，现在网上的、书籍的、纸质的、包括手机里的背单词软件种类很多，在这里就不赘述了，大家先用心的挑好适合自己的材料就可以。

背诵托福单词的注意点

1.对于阅读部分的单词，单词意思放在首位，而不是拼写和发音，也就是说在前几遍的背诵中，只需要做到看到单词，迅速反应出意思即可。需要注意的是反应时间超过2秒的，都算是没有背下来，因为在托福阅读中，我们的阅读量很大，要想做完题目，阅读速度要在100words/min，没有很长时间给我们思考单词的意思，所以要十分熟悉单词、反应快。而针对听力和写作的词汇，有不同的方法，在今后的相关文章中也会提到。

2.一定要大量、多次、重复的背诵，不要一个单词盯很久。比如说，10个单词，先花5分钟背第一遍，再花3-4分钟背第二遍、第三遍，这样的背诵方法比每个单词盯着看3-5分钟要有效得多，有利于我们集中精力，也不容易产生倦怠感。

3.按照记忆曲线，对于背过的单词要有计划的定期重复，我们才能把单词从我们大脑中的快速记忆区挪到长期记忆区。比如早上背了10个单词重复了3遍，这些单词只是暂时留在了快速记忆区，随着时间的推移，很容易会遗忘，那么我们可以安排晚上和第二天早上再拿出来看一遍，两天以后再复习一遍，一周以后再复习一遍，这些单词就逐渐转存到了你的长期记忆区。在重复时发现有遗忘的部分不要担心，这是正常现象，慢慢重复你会发现忘记的越来越少，记住的越来越多。

托福阅读考试题目回忆

其实每期的托福考试的真题回忆，也是大家备考的最佳内容。那么对于12月15日和16日两天的托福考试，具体的考试题目都有哪些内容呢?为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考。

1.青蛙的孵化方式有的是有parents care 有的是没有讨论了cost and benefits 【Parental Care by Frogs】

2.美国人如何迁移- 海路 or 陆路

3.洛杉矶的公路发展【car suburb area】

4. Accounting for the High Density of Planet Mercury

5.Art and Culture of Pacific Northwest Communities

6.The Kingdom of Meroe