托福阅读指代题代词有哪些

托福阅读指代题代词有哪些

托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。

那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。

第一类，人称代词

人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。

例如：

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。

第二类，指示代词

指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中，this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。

例如：

“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older， these claws are used mainly as weapons。”

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证，看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。

第三类，关系代词

主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中，通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“， which”格式引导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。

例如：

“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类，不定代词

主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且注意词的单复数形式。

例如：

“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”，并且“of”是表示所属的关系，所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”，因此答案选C。

需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。

托福阅读指代题实例解析

托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。

例一： Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religiousicons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture orarchitectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads.Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitivestyle, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinctfrom what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.

The word "others" in line 6 refers to

【A】 craftspeople

【B】 decorations

【C】 ornamentations

【D】 shop signs

例二：Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions at glaciated volcanoestypically destroy ice fields as they did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens icecover was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper handcutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble. Only rarely dothese competing forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create aphenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier National Park.

The word “they" in line 2 refers to

【A】 fields

【B】 intervals

【C】 eruptions

【D】 enemies

例三：When a bloodhound trails a human being, what does it actually smell? The human body, which consists of about 60 trillion living cells, sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50million cells a day. So even a trail that has been dispersed by breezes may still seem richto a bloodhound. The body also produces about 31 to 50 ounces of sweat a day. Neitherthis fluid nor the shed skin cells have much odor by themselves, but the bacteria workingon both substances is another matter.

In line 7, the word "it" refers to

【A】 bloodhound

【B】 human being

【C】 smell

【D】 body

托福阅读修辞目的题实例解析

托福阅读修辞目的题例题

例题：

Paragraph 3: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

Q:In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?

A:To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains

To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation

To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains

To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States